Section 3: Employment - Compendium (2025)

This section presents statistics on employment in the United States. Data are presented for people with disabilities, people without disabilities, and the relative difference (relative ratio) in percentage employed between these two populations.

The source of these data is the American Community Survey (U.S. Census Bureau). For these tables, statistics for people with disabilities (disability status or disability type) are based on having responded ‘yes’ to a series of questions within the American Community Survey. The definition for employment status can be found in the glossary.

For expanded statistics, please go to the Annual Disability Statistics Build Your Own Statistics site at https://www.researchondisability.org/collection/2025/build-stats.

Tables

Employment to Population Ratio

Tables 3.1: In 2023, of the 22,158,000 individuals with disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 10,252,000 individuals were employed (46.3%). In contrast, of the 177,483,000 individuals without disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 141,016,000 individuals were employed (79.5%). The percentage of people with disabilities employed was highest in South Dakota/SD, 61.1% and lowest in Puerto Rico/PR, 32.4%. The state with the greatest disparity in employment of people with and without disabilities was West Virginia/WV, with a relative ratio of 0.494 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in employment between those with and without disabilities). Table 3.1 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.2: In 2023, of the 4,041,000 individuals with hearing disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 2,384,000 individuals were employed (59%). In contrast, of the 195,600,000 individuals without hearing disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 148,885,000 individuals were employed (76.1%). The percentage of people with hearing disabilities employed was highest in South Dakota/SD, 75.2% and lowest in Puerto Rico/PR, 34.6%. The state with the greatest disparity in employment of people with and without hearing disabilities was Puerto Rico/PR, with a relative ratio of 0.579 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in employment between those with and without hearing disabilities). Table 3.2 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Hearing Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.3: In 2023, of the 4,270,000 individuals with vision disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 2,228,000 individuals were employed (52.2%). In contrast, of the 195,372,000 individuals without vision disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 149,041,000 individuals were employed (76.3%). The percentage of people with vision disabilities employed was highest in Montana/MT, 65.9% and lowest in Kentucky/KY, 40.0%. The state with the greatest disparity in employment of people with and without vision disabilities was Kentucky/KY, with a relative ratio of 0.544 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in employment between those with and without vision disabilities). Table 3.3 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Vision Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.4: In 2023, of the 10,666,000 individuals with cognitive disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 4,326,000 individuals were employed (40.6%). In contrast, of the 188,976,000 individuals without cognitive disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 146,942,000 individuals were employed (77.8%). The percentage of people with cognitive disabilities employed was highest in South Dakota/SD, 57.0% and lowest in Puerto Rico/PR, 21.3%. The state with the greatest disparity in employment of people with and without cognitive disabilities was Puerto Rico/PR, with a relative ratio of 0.342 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in employment between those with and without cognitive disabilities). Table 3.4 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Cognitive Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.5: In 2023, of the 8,621,000 individuals with ambulatory disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 2,651,000 individuals were employed (30.7%). In contrast, of the 191,020,000 individuals without ambulatory disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 148,617,000 individuals were employed (77.8%). The percentage of people with ambulatory disabilities employed was highest in South Dakota/SD, 38.8% and lowest in Maine/ME, 21.9%. The state with the greatest disparity in employment of people with and without ambulatory disabilities was Maine/ME, with a relative ratio of 0.275 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in employment between those with and without ambulatory disabilities). Table 3.5 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Ambulatory Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.6: In 2023, of the 3,328,000 individuals with self-care disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 592,000 individuals were employed (17.8%). In contrast, of the 196,314,000 individuals without self-care disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 150,676,000 individuals were employed (76.8%). The percentage of people with self-care disabilities employed was highest in Montana/MT, 34.0% and lowest in Vermont/VT, 8.1%. The state with the greatest disparity in employment of people with and without self-care disabilities was Vermont/VT, with a relative ratio of 0.102 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in employment between those with and without self-care disabilities). Table 3.6 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Self-Care Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.7: In 2023, of the 7,868,000 individuals with independent living disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 1,948,000 individuals were employed (24.8%). In contrast, of the 191,773,000 individuals without independent living disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 149,321,000 individuals were employed (77.9%). The percentage of people with independent living disabilities employed was highest in Kansas/KS, 40.5% and lowest in Puerto Rico/PR, 10.4%. The state with the greatest disparity in employment of people with and without independent living disabilities was Puerto Rico/PR, with a relative ratio of 0.168 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in employment between those with and without independent living disabilities). Table 3.7 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Independent Living Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.8: In 2023, people with disabilities were 3.9% more likely to be employed, when compared to the previous year. Table 3.8 Change in Employment Percentage - Civilians Ages 18 to 64 Years, with a Disability, Living in the Community for the United States and States: 2022 to 2023

Labor Force Participation

Tables 3.9: In 2023, of the 22,158,000 individuals with disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 11,303,000 individuals were in the labor force (51%). In contrast, of the 177,483,000 individuals without disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 146,712,000 individuals were in the labor force (82.7%). The percentage of people in the labor force with disabilities was highest in District of Columbia/DC, 66.0% and lowest in Puerto Rico/PR, 37.3%. The state with the greatest disparity in labor force participation of people with and without disabilities was West Virginia/WV, with a relative ratio of 0.506 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in labor force participation is between those with and without disabilities). Table 3.9 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.10: In 2023, of the 4,041,000 individuals with hearing disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 2,531,000 individuals were in the labor force (62.6%). In contrast, of the 195,600,000 individuals without hearing disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 155,484,000 individuals were in the labor force (79.5%). The percentage of people in the labor force with hearing disabilities was highest in Utah/UT, 77.0% and lowest in Puerto Rico/PR, 37.9%. The state with the greatest disparity in labor force participation of people with and without hearing disabilities was Puerto Rico/PR, with a relative ratio of 0.576 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in labor force participation is between those with and without hearing disabilities). Table 3.10 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Hearing Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.11: In 2023, of the 4,270,000 individuals with vision disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 2,422,000 individuals were in the labor force (56.7%). In contrast, of the 195,372,000 individuals without vision disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 155,593,000 individuals were in the labor force (79.6%). The percentage of people in the labor force with vision disabilities was highest in District of Columbia/DC, 69.4% and lowest in Kentucky/KY, 43.6%. The state with the greatest disparity in labor force participation of people with and without vision disabilities was Kentucky/KY, with a relative ratio of 0.568 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in labor force participation is between those with and without vision disabilities). Table 3.11 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Vision Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.12: In 2023, of the 10,666,000 individuals with cognitive disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 4,952,000 individuals were in the labor force (46.4%). In contrast, of the 188,976,000 individuals without cognitive disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 153,062,000 individuals were in the labor force (81%). The percentage of people in the labor force with cognitive disabilities was highest in District of Columbia/DC, 69.5% and lowest in Puerto Rico/PR, 27.1%. The state with the greatest disparity in labor force participation of people with and without cognitive disabilities was Puerto Rico/PR, with a relative ratio of 0.397 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in labor force participation is between those with and without cognitive disabilities). Table 3.12 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Cognitive Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.13: In 2023, of the 8,621,000 individuals with ambulatory disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 2,941,000 individuals were in the labor force (34.1%). In contrast, of the 191,020,000 individuals without ambulatory disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 155,074,000 individuals were in the labor force (81.2%). The percentage of people in the labor force with ambulatory disabilities was highest in District of Columbia/DC, 52.2% and lowest in Maine/ME, 23.9%. The state with the greatest disparity in labor force participation of people with and without ambulatory disabilities was Maine/ME, with a relative ratio of 0.29 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in labor force participation is between those with and without ambulatory disabilities). Table 3.13 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Ambulatory Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.14: In 2023, of the 3,328,000 individuals with self-care disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 685,000 individuals were in the labor force (20.6%). In contrast, of the 196,314,000 individuals without self-care disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 157,330,000 individuals were in the labor force (80.1%). The percentage of people in the labor force with self-care disabilities was highest in South Dakota/SD, 37.4% and lowest in Puerto Rico/PR, 13.1%. The state with the greatest disparity in labor force participation of people with and without self-care disabilities was Vermont/VT, with a relative ratio of 0.174 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in labor force participation is between those with and without self-care disabilities). Table 3.14 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Self-Care Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.15: In 2023, of the 7,868,000 individuals with independent living disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 2,300,000 individuals were in the labor force (29.2%). In contrast, of the 191,773,000 individuals without independent living disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 155,715,000 individuals were in the labor force (81.2%). The percentage of people in the labor force with independent living disabilities was highest in Colorado/CO, 45.5% and lowest in Puerto Rico/PR, 14.1%. The state with the greatest disparity in labor force participation of people with and without independent living disabilities was Puerto Rico/PR, with a relative ratio of 0.206 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in labor force participation is between those with and without independent living disabilities). Table 3.15 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Independent Living Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.16: In 2023, people with disabilities were 3.8% more likely to be in the labor force, when compared to the previous year. Table 3.16 Change in Labor Force Participation Percentage - Civilians Ages 18 to 64 Years, with a Disability, Living in the Community for the United States and States: 2022 to 2023

Unemployment Rate

Tables 3.17: In 2023, of the 11,303,000 individuals with disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 1,051,000 individuals were unemployed (9.3%). In contrast, of the 146,712,000 individuals without disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 5,696,000 individuals were unemployed (3.9%). The unemployment rate of people with disabilities was highest in District of Columbia/DC, 18.0% and lowest in South Dakota/SD, 2.2%. The state with the greatest disparity in unemployment rate of people with and without disabilities was North Dakota/ND, with a relative ratio of 7.071 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in unemployment rate is between those with and without disabilities). Table 3.17 Unemployment Rate - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.18: In 2023, of the 2,531,000 individuals with hearing disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 148,000 individuals were unemployed (5.8%). In contrast, of the 155,484,000 individuals without hearing disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 6,599,000 individuals were unemployed (4.2%). The unemployment rate of people with hearing disabilities was highest in Hawaii/HI, 9.3% and lowest in Vermont/VT, 0.0%. The state with the greatest disparity in unemployment rate of people with and without hearing disabilities was Delaware/DE, with a relative ratio of 2.962 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in unemployment rate is between those with and without hearing disabilities). Table 3.18 Unemployment Rate - Civilians with and without Hearing Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.19: In 2023, of the 2,422,000 individuals with vision disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 194,000 individuals were unemployed (8%). In contrast, of the 155,593,000 individuals without vision disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 6,552,000 individuals were unemployed (4.2%). The unemployment rate of people with vision disabilities was highest in Hawaii/HI, 14.6% and lowest in Montana/MT, 0.4%. The state with the greatest disparity in unemployment rate of people with and without vision disabilities was North Dakota/ND, with a relative ratio of 5.059 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in unemployment rate is between those with and without vision disabilities). Table 3.19 Unemployment Rate - Civilians with and without Vision Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.20: In 2023, of the 4,952,000 individuals with cognitive disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 627,000 individuals were unemployed (12.7%). In contrast, of the 153,062,000 individuals without cognitive disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 6,120,000 individuals were unemployed (4%). The unemployment rate of people with cognitive disabilities was highest in District of Columbia/DC, 24.0% and lowest in South Dakota/SD, 3.8%. The state with the greatest disparity in unemployment rate of people with and without cognitive disabilities was North Dakota/ND, with a relative ratio of 11.013 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in unemployment rate is between those with and without cognitive disabilities). Table 3.20 Unemployment Rate - Civilians with and without Cognitive Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.21: In 2023, of the 2,941,000 individuals with ambulatory disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 290,000 individuals were unemployed (9.9%). In contrast, of the 155,074,000 individuals without ambulatory disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 6,456,000 individuals were unemployed (4.2%). The unemployment rate of people with ambulatory disabilities was highest in District of Columbia/DC, 30.9% and lowest in Delaware/DE, 2.9%. The state with the greatest disparity in unemployment rate of people with and without ambulatory disabilities was District of Columbia/DC, with a relative ratio of 6.364 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in unemployment rate is between those with and without ambulatory disabilities). Table 3.21 Unemployment Rate - Civilians with and without Ambulatory Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.22: In 2023, of the 685,000 individuals with self-care disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 92,000 individuals were unemployed (13.5%). In contrast, of the 157,330,000 individuals without self-care disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 6,654,000 individuals were unemployed (4.2%). The unemployment rate of people with self-care disabilities was highest in District of Columbia/DC, 43.8% and lowest in Delaware/DE, 0.0%. The state with the greatest disparity in unemployment rate of people with and without self-care disabilities was Vermont/VT, with a relative ratio of 14.649 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in unemployment rate is between those with and without self-care disabilities). Table 3.22 Unemployment Rate - Civilians with and without Self-Care Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Tables 3.23: In 2023, of the 2,300,000 individuals with independent living disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 352,000 individuals were unemployed (15.3%). In contrast, of the 155,715,000 individuals without independent living disabilities ages 18 to 64 years living in the community, 6,395,000 individuals were unemployed (4.1%). The unemployment rate of people with independent living disabilities was highest in District of Columbia/DC, 28.5% and lowest in Delaware/DE, 1.2%. The state with the greatest disparity in unemployment rate of people with and without independent living disabilities was Vermont/VT, with a relative ratio of 6.723 (the further this value is from 1.00, the greater the disparity in unemployment rate is between those with and without independent living disabilities). Table 3.23 Unemployment Rate - Civilians with and without Independent Living Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.24: In 2023, people with disabilities were -0.2% less likely to be in the labor force, when compared to the previous year. Table 3.24 Change in Unemployment Rate - Civilians Ages 18 to 64 Years, with a Disability, Living in the Community for the United States and States: 2022 to 2023

Table 3.1 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.1 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023
State Dis. No Dis. Employment - Dis. Employment - No Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 22,158,000 140,000 177,483,000 139,000 10,252,000 93,000 46.3 0.3 141,016,000 178,000 79.5 0.1 0.582
Alabama 436,000 17,000 2,555,000 18,000 169,000 11,000 38.7 1.9 1,947,000 21,000 76.2 0.6 0.508
Alaska 59,000 8,000 371,000 9,000 31,000 5,000 52.6 5.4 287,000 10,000 77.4 2.0 0.680
Arizona 488,000 20,000 3,841,000 21,000 233,000 14,000 47.7 2.0 3,000,000 28,000 78.1 0.5 0.611
Arkansas 284,000 14,000 1,500,000 14,000 118,000 9,000 41.4 2.7 1,161,000 17,000 77.4 0.8 0.535
California 2,117,000 37,000 21,743,000 36,000 943,000 23,000 44.5 0.8 16,755,000 67,000 77.1 0.3 0.578
Colorado 346,000 15,000 3,298,000 16,000 196,000 11,000 56.5 1.9 2,715,000 21,000 82.3 0.5 0.686
Connecticut 210,000 12,000 1,972,000 13,000 103,000 8,000 49.3 2.8 1,598,000 16,000 81.1 0.7 0.608
Delaware 72,000 8,000 518,000 8,000 37,000 5,000 51.3 4.8 421,000 9,000 81.4 1.4 0.631
District of Columbia 42,000 6,000 414,000 6,000 23,000 5,000 54.1 7.9 340,000 9,000 82.0 1.5 0.659
Florida 1,319,000 30,000 11,777,000 32,000 579,000 22,000 43.9 1.3 9,239,000 52,000 78.5 0.4 0.559
Georgia 758,000 21,000 5,881,000 21,000 342,000 14,000 45.1 1.4 4,616,000 28,000 78.5 0.4 0.575
Hawaii 88,000 8,000 701,000 9,000 39,000 6,000 44.8 4.7 556,000 12,000 79.3 1.2 0.565
Idaho 141,000 10,000 999,000 11,000 74,000 8,000 52.3 3.2 790,000 13,000 79.1 1.0 0.662
Illinois 761,000 25,000 6,778,000 26,000 367,000 15,000 48.3 1.3 5,448,000 36,000 80.4 0.4 0.601
Indiana 508,000 20,000 3,538,000 20,000 228,000 13,000 44.8 1.6 2,889,000 24,000 81.7 0.6 0.549
Iowa 220,000 13,000 1,647,000 14,000 119,000 10,000 54.3 2.9 1,387,000 18,000 84.3 0.8 0.644
Kansas 203,000 13,000 1,486,000 14,000 111,000 9,000 54.6 2.7 1,227,000 17,000 82.5 0.9 0.661
Kentucky 431,000 17,000 2,225,000 18,000 171,000 11,000 39.8 1.8 1,750,000 21,000 78.6 0.7 0.506
Louisiana 396,000 16,000 2,247,000 16,000 152,000 11,000 38.5 2.3 1,716,000 19,000 76.3 0.8 0.504
Maine 114,000 11,000 713,000 10,000 52,000 7,000 46.2 3.9 587,000 12,000 82.3 1.2 0.561
Maryland 350,000 14,000 3,337,000 15,000 168,000 10,000 48.1 2.1 2,744,000 23,000 82.2 0.6 0.585
Massachusetts 438,000 18,000 3,902,000 18,000 203,000 11,000 46.5 1.9 3,203,000 26,000 82.1 0.5 0.566
Michigan 749,000 20,000 5,188,000 20,000 316,000 12,000 42.2 1.3 4,116,000 31,000 79.3 0.5 0.532
Minnesota 319,000 15,000 3,079,000 18,000 177,000 12,000 55.6 2.5 2,619,000 25,000 85.0 0.6 0.653
Mississippi 259,000 12,000 1,443,000 13,000 105,000 9,000 40.4 2.6 1,079,000 17,000 74.8 1.0 0.540
Missouri 470,000 16,000 3,165,000 17,000 217,000 13,000 46.3 2.2 2,579,000 22,000 81.5 0.6 0.568
Montana 85,000 9,000 570,000 10,000 48,000 7,000 55.6 4.0 460,000 11,000 80.8 1.4 0.689
Nebraska 129,000 10,000 1,013,000 10,000 75,000 7,000 58.1 4.1 870,000 13,000 85.8 0.9 0.676
Nevada 234,000 13,000 1,687,000 13,000 116,000 10,000 49.5 2.8 1,326,000 16,000 78.6 0.8 0.629
New Hampshire 102,000 8,000 755,000 9,000 53,000 6,000 51.6 4.1 635,000 12,000 84.0 1.1 0.614
New Jersey 454,000 15,000 5,128,000 15,000 218,000 11,000 48.0 1.8 4,129,000 24,000 80.5 0.4 0.596
New Mexico 188,000 14,000 1,020,000 14,000 81,000 8,000 43.0 3.1 783,000 16,000 76.8 1.2 0.560
New York 1,191,000 29,000 10,702,000 29,000 486,000 21,000 40.8 1.3 8,348,000 42,000 78.0 0.3 0.523
North Carolina 725,000 22,000 5,703,000 22,000 319,000 15,000 44.0 1.5 4,505,000 30,000 79.0 0.5 0.557
North Dakota 49,000 7,000 406,000 8,000 26,000 5,000 53.9 6.2 349,000 10,000 86.0 1.5 0.627
Ohio 865,000 20,000 6,047,000 22,000 400,000 16,000 46.2 1.4 4,900,000 28,000 81.0 0.4 0.570
Oklahoma 370,000 14,000 1,974,000 17,000 172,000 12,000 46.6 2.4 1,529,000 23,000 77.4 0.8 0.601
Oregon 306,000 15,000 2,242,000 14,000 146,000 9,000 47.7 2.0 1,787,000 20,000 79.7 0.7 0.599
Pennsylvania 939,000 29,000 6,708,000 30,000 424,000 18,000 45.1 1.5 5,401,000 39,000 80.5 0.4 0.561
Rhode Island 77,000 7,000 595,000 8,000 35,000 5,000 45.7 4.7 476,000 9,000 80.1 1.2 0.570
South Carolina 400,000 15,000 2,720,000 14,000 171,000 14,000 42.8 2.7 2,135,000 23,000 78.5 0.7 0.545
South Dakota 54,000 7,000 467,000 8,000 33,000 5,000 61.1 5.4 394,000 11,000 84.4 1.5 0.724
Tennessee 520,000 18,000 3,734,000 19,000 229,000 12,000 44.1 1.6 2,944,000 25,000 78.8 0.6 0.559
Texas 1,955,000 40,000 16,440,000 41,000 991,000 25,000 50.7 0.9 12,934,000 49,000 78.7 0.3 0.644
Utah 210,000 11,000 1,841,000 11,000 120,000 10,000 57.1 3.2 1,509,000 16,000 81.9 0.7 0.696
Vermont 47,000 6,000 341,000 7,000 21,000 4,000 45.1 5.6 284,000 8,000 83.2 1.7 0.542
Virginia 549,000 20,000 4,608,000 22,000 264,000 15,000 48.0 1.7 3,699,000 29,000 80.3 0.5 0.599
Washington 555,000 20,000 4,178,000 22,000 281,000 15,000 50.6 1.8 3,342,000 27,000 80.0 0.4 0.632
West Virginia 175,000 12,000 839,000 11,000 65,000 8,000 37.3 3.5 634,000 12,000 75.6 1.3 0.494
Wisconsin 358,000 18,000 3,153,000 19,000 183,000 13,000 51.0 2.4 2,634,000 25,000 83.6 0.6 0.611
Wyoming 43,000 6,000 292,000 7,000 22,000 4,000 51.2 6.5 239,000 7,000 81.7 1.8 0.626
Puerto Rico 327,000 16,000 1,591,000 16,000 106,000 9,000 32.4 2.2 1,029,000 19,000 64.7 1.0 0.501
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with disability employed over the percentage of people without disability employed. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in employment percentage.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 3.1). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 3.2 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Hearing Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.2 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Hearing Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023
State Hearing Dis. No Hearing Dis. Employment - Hearing Dis. Employment - No Hearing Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 4,041,000 53,000 195,600,000 62,000 2,384,000 41,000 59.0 0.6 148,885,000 159,000 76.1 0.1 0.775
Alabama 80,000 8,000 2,911,000 9,000 45,000 6,000 56.2 4.5 2,071,000 20,000 71.1 0.6 0.789
Alaska 16,000 4,000 414,000 7,000 9,000 3,000 56.7 11.1 309,000 11,000 74.6 1.9 0.760
Arizona 89,000 8,000 4,240,000 11,000 52,000 6,000 58.6 3.9 3,181,000 26,000 75.0 0.6 0.782
Arkansas 53,000 5,000 1,731,000 8,000 29,000 4,000 53.8 5.1 1,251,000 17,000 72.2 0.9 0.744
California 377,000 14,000 23,484,000 20,000 212,000 11,000 56.2 2.0 17,486,000 62,000 74.5 0.3 0.755
Colorado 70,000 8,000 3,574,000 11,000 46,000 6,000 65.4 4.5 2,864,000 19,000 80.1 0.5 0.817
Connecticut 34,000 5,000 2,147,000 7,000 20,000 3,000 58.4 6.4 1,682,000 16,000 78.3 0.7 0.746
Delaware 12,000 3,000 577,000 5,000 7,000 3,000 62.6 10.9 451,000 9,000 78.1 1.5 0.802
District of Columbia 6,000 2,000 450,000 3,000 4,000 2,000 65.5 14.4 358,000 8,000 79.6 1.7 0.823
Florida 240,000 13,000 12,857,000 18,000 139,000 9,000 57.9 2.5 9,679,000 49,000 75.3 0.4 0.770
Georgia 130,000 9,000 6,510,000 12,000 77,000 7,000 59.1 3.3 4,882,000 28,000 75.0 0.4 0.788
Hawaii 19,000 5,000 770,000 7,000 11,000 3,000 57.8 9.9 585,000 11,000 75.9 1.2 0.761
Idaho 32,000 5,000 1,108,000 5,000 22,000 4,000 68.6 6.9 842,000 12,000 76.0 1.0 0.902
Illinois 127,000 10,000 7,412,000 14,000 77,000 8,000 60.1 3.2 5,739,000 33,000 77.4 0.4 0.777
Indiana 89,000 8,000 3,958,000 10,000 50,000 6,000 56.8 4.0 3,067,000 22,000 77.5 0.6 0.733
Iowa 43,000 6,000 1,823,000 8,000 28,000 5,000 66.2 6.1 1,478,000 17,000 81.1 0.9 0.817
Kansas 41,000 5,000 1,649,000 8,000 24,000 5,000 60.2 6.3 1,313,000 17,000 79.6 0.9 0.756
Kentucky 85,000 7,000 2,570,000 11,000 44,000 5,000 51.4 3.9 1,878,000 19,000 73.1 0.7 0.703
Louisiana 74,000 7,000 2,569,000 8,000 36,000 4,000 49.4 4.1 1,831,000 19,000 71.3 0.7 0.693
Maine 25,000 4,000 801,000 5,000 14,000 3,000 55.7 8.4 625,000 10,000 78.0 1.2 0.714
Maryland 53,000 6,000 3,634,000 9,000 35,000 5,000 66.1 5.4 2,877,000 23,000 79.2 0.6 0.835
Massachusetts 66,000 7,000 4,274,000 7,000 37,000 5,000 56.9 4.8 3,369,000 23,000 78.8 0.5 0.722
Michigan 122,000 10,000 5,816,000 11,000 69,000 7,000 56.4 3.1 4,363,000 29,000 75.0 0.5 0.751
Minnesota 63,000 6,000 3,336,000 11,000 42,000 6,000 67.6 4.4 2,753,000 23,000 82.5 0.7 0.818
Mississippi 41,000 5,000 1,661,000 7,000 24,000 4,000 59.5 5.8 1,159,000 16,000 69.8 1.0 0.852
Missouri 86,000 8,000 3,548,000 10,000 51,000 6,000 59.0 4.3 2,745,000 24,000 77.4 0.7 0.763
Montana 20,000 4,000 636,000 5,000 14,000 3,000 70.6 7.4 494,000 9,000 77.7 1.3 0.909
Nebraska 22,000 4,000 1,120,000 6,000 16,000 4,000 73.7 7.4 928,000 13,000 82.9 1.1 0.889
Nevada 49,000 6,000 1,872,000 7,000 27,000 4,000 54.3 5.4 1,415,000 15,000 75.6 0.8 0.718
New Hampshire 20,000 4,000 837,000 5,000 12,000 3,000 58.7 7.5 676,000 11,000 80.7 1.2 0.728
New Jersey 75,000 8,000 5,508,000 10,000 45,000 6,000 60.2 5.0 4,302,000 25,000 78.1 0.4 0.771
New Mexico 34,000 5,000 1,175,000 7,000 19,000 4,000 55.4 6.5 845,000 16,000 72.0 1.3 0.770
New York 169,000 9,000 11,724,000 13,000 92,000 7,000 54.7 2.9 8,742,000 40,000 74.6 0.4 0.733
North Carolina 146,000 9,000 6,281,000 12,000 81,000 8,000 55.3 3.3 4,743,000 31,000 75.5 0.5 0.733
North Dakota 14,000 4,000 441,000 5,000 9,000 3,000 63.6 10.8 367,000 9,000 83.2 1.8 0.765
Ohio 160,000 11,000 6,752,000 13,000 93,000 9,000 58.3 3.8 5,207,000 25,000 77.1 0.4 0.756
Oklahoma 81,000 7,000 2,264,000 10,000 47,000 6,000 58.0 4.3 1,654,000 19,000 73.1 0.8 0.793
Oregon 54,000 7,000 2,494,000 8,000 31,000 5,000 57.7 4.5 1,902,000 20,000 76.3 0.8 0.756
Pennsylvania 153,000 12,000 7,494,000 16,000 89,000 8,000 58.1 3.0 5,736,000 37,000 76.5 0.5 0.759
Rhode Island 11,000 2,000 661,000 3,000 6,000 2,000 51.9 10.1 506,000 8,000 76.6 1.2 0.678
South Carolina 68,000 6,000 3,052,000 8,000 38,000 5,000 56.2 4.6 2,268,000 25,000 74.3 0.8 0.756
South Dakota 12,000 3,000 510,000 5,000 9,000 2,000 75.2 10.1 419,000 9,000 82.2 1.5 0.915
Tennessee 106,000 8,000 4,148,000 10,000 59,000 6,000 55.9 3.7 3,114,000 21,000 75.1 0.5 0.745
Texas 402,000 16,000 17,994,000 20,000 252,000 12,000 62.7 1.9 13,673,000 44,000 76.0 0.3 0.825
Utah 37,000 6,000 2,014,000 7,000 27,000 5,000 72.8 5.4 1,601,000 13,000 79.5 0.6 0.916
Vermont 11,000 4,000 377,000 4,000 7,000 3,000 59.5 11.3 299,000 8,000 79.2 1.8 0.751
Virginia 97,000 8,000 5,060,000 14,000 65,000 7,000 66.6 3.9 3,898,000 26,000 77.0 0.5 0.865
Washington 117,000 9,000 4,617,000 13,000 74,000 8,000 63.1 4.1 3,550,000 25,000 76.9 0.5 0.820
West Virginia 33,000 5,000 981,000 6,000 18,000 4,000 53.3 6.9 682,000 13,000 69.5 1.3 0.767
Wisconsin 68,000 7,000 3,443,000 10,000 43,000 5,000 63.9 5.3 2,774,000 22,000 80.6 0.7 0.793
Wyoming 12,000 3,000 324,000 4,000 7,000 2,000 62.1 10.3 254,000 6,000 78.4 1.7 0.792
Puerto Rico 44,000 6,000 1,875,000 6,000 15,000 3,000 34.6 4.9 1,120,000 17,000 59.8 0.9 0.579
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with hearing disability employed over the percentage of people without hearing disability employed. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in employment percentage.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 3.2). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 3.3 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Vision Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.3 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Vision Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023
State Vision Dis. No Vision Dis. Employment - Vision Dis. Employment - No Vision Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 4,270,000 62,000 195,372,000 73,000 2,228,000 45,000 52.2 0.7 149,041,000 158,000 76.3 0.1 0.684
Alabama 85,000 9,000 2,906,000 10,000 39,000 6,000 45.4 4.5 2,077,000 19,000 71.5 0.6 0.635
Alaska 9,000 3,000 421,000 7,000 4,000 2,000 51.4 14.1 313,000 11,000 74.4 1.9 0.691
Arizona 102,000 8,000 4,227,000 11,000 54,000 6,000 53.2 4.4 3,179,000 27,000 75.2 0.6 0.707
Arkansas 57,000 7,000 1,728,000 8,000 29,000 5,000 50.8 6.1 1,250,000 16,000 72.4 0.9 0.703
California 421,000 22,000 23,440,000 24,000 217,000 13,000 51.5 1.8 17,480,000 62,000 74.6 0.3 0.691
Colorado 65,000 7,000 3,579,000 10,000 37,000 6,000 57.3 5.9 2,873,000 18,000 80.3 0.5 0.714
Connecticut 39,000 5,000 2,142,000 7,000 20,000 4,000 52.1 7.2 1,681,000 16,000 78.5 0.7 0.664
Delaware 12,000 4,000 578,000 5,000 6,000 2,000 50.2 10.9 452,000 10,000 78.3 1.4 0.641
District of Columbia 9,000 3,000 447,000 3,000 6,000 3,000 62.0 13.0 357,000 8,000 79.8 1.7 0.777
Florida 245,000 14,000 12,851,000 19,000 130,000 11,000 52.9 2.7 9,688,000 48,000 75.4 0.4 0.702
Georgia 168,000 10,000 6,472,000 13,000 82,000 7,000 49.1 3.2 4,876,000 27,000 75.3 0.4 0.652
Hawaii 15,000 3,000 774,000 5,000 7,000 2,000 48.2 11.6 588,000 11,000 76.0 1.3 0.634
Idaho 23,000 5,000 1,117,000 5,000 13,000 4,000 55.6 9.2 851,000 11,000 76.2 1.0 0.729
Illinois 142,000 12,000 7,397,000 15,000 80,000 8,000 56.1 3.7 5,736,000 32,000 77.5 0.4 0.724
Indiana 91,000 9,000 3,956,000 10,000 47,000 6,000 51.4 4.6 3,070,000 24,000 77.6 0.6 0.662
Iowa 36,000 6,000 1,830,000 7,000 24,000 4,000 65.4 7.0 1,483,000 17,000 81.0 0.9 0.806
Kansas 39,000 5,000 1,650,000 7,000 23,000 4,000 58.8 5.8 1,315,000 17,000 79.7 1.0 0.738
Kentucky 87,000 7,000 2,569,000 10,000 35,000 5,000 40.0 4.4 1,887,000 19,000 73.5 0.7 0.544
Louisiana 94,000 9,000 2,549,000 10,000 41,000 6,000 43.7 4.0 1,827,000 19,000 71.7 0.7 0.610
Maine 18,000 4,000 808,000 5,000 9,000 3,000 48.2 10.9 630,000 10,000 78.0 1.2 0.618
Maryland 63,000 7,000 3,624,000 10,000 34,000 6,000 54.8 5.4 2,878,000 23,000 79.4 0.6 0.691
Massachusetts 67,000 8,000 4,273,000 9,000 36,000 5,000 54.0 4.7 3,370,000 23,000 78.9 0.5 0.685
Michigan 114,000 10,000 5,824,000 12,000 56,000 7,000 48.9 3.9 4,376,000 29,000 75.1 0.5 0.651
Minnesota 47,000 8,000 3,352,000 13,000 24,000 5,000 51.3 7.0 2,772,000 24,000 82.7 0.6 0.620
Mississippi 58,000 7,000 1,644,000 9,000 25,000 5,000 43.7 5.2 1,159,000 18,000 70.5 1.0 0.620
Missouri 84,000 7,000 3,551,000 11,000 42,000 6,000 49.4 5.3 2,755,000 23,000 77.6 0.6 0.637
Montana 12,000 3,000 644,000 4,000 8,000 3,000 65.9 11.4 500,000 9,000 77.7 1.3 0.849
Nebraska 25,000 4,000 1,117,000 6,000 15,000 4,000 59.1 8.4 930,000 12,000 83.2 1.0 0.711
Nevada 62,000 8,000 1,859,000 9,000 36,000 6,000 58.3 4.5 1,406,000 16,000 75.6 0.8 0.771
New Hampshire 15,000 3,000 842,000 5,000 8,000 3,000 54.2 10.4 679,000 11,000 80.7 1.2 0.672
New Jersey 104,000 9,000 5,478,000 10,000 62,000 6,000 59.1 4.0 4,286,000 25,000 78.2 0.4 0.756
New Mexico 42,000 6,000 1,167,000 8,000 19,000 4,000 45.3 6.8 845,000 15,000 72.4 1.2 0.626
New York 237,000 15,000 11,655,000 18,000 126,000 12,000 52.9 3.0 8,709,000 41,000 74.7 0.4 0.708
North Carolina 143,000 11,000 6,285,000 14,000 70,000 8,000 49.1 3.3 4,753,000 31,000 75.6 0.5 0.650
North Dakota 10,000 3,000 444,000 6,000 6,000 3,000 54.4 13.0 370,000 9,000 83.2 1.7 0.654
Ohio 142,000 11,000 6,771,000 13,000 76,000 7,000 53.5 3.4 5,225,000 25,000 77.2 0.4 0.693
Oklahoma 86,000 9,000 2,259,000 12,000 40,000 6,000 46.2 5.0 1,661,000 21,000 73.5 0.8 0.629
Oregon 47,000 5,000 2,502,000 7,000 25,000 4,000 53.6 5.6 1,909,000 20,000 76.3 0.7 0.703
Pennsylvania 161,000 12,000 7,486,000 15,000 80,000 8,000 49.8 3.2 5,745,000 35,000 76.7 0.5 0.649
Rhode Island 12,000 3,000 659,000 4,000 8,000 3,000 63.9 11.3 504,000 8,000 76.4 1.2 0.837
South Carolina 85,000 7,000 3,035,000 10,000 41,000 5,000 47.8 4.7 2,266,000 24,000 74.7 0.7 0.640
South Dakota 9,000 3,000 513,000 4,000 6,000 2,000 65.3 12.4 422,000 9,000 82.3 1.5 0.794
Tennessee 103,000 7,000 4,151,000 11,000 50,000 6,000 48.5 3.5 3,123,000 23,000 75.2 0.6 0.645
Texas 463,000 20,000 17,933,000 21,000 253,000 16,000 54.5 2.0 13,672,000 45,000 76.2 0.3 0.715
Utah 34,000 5,000 2,017,000 7,000 21,000 4,000 63.0 6.1 1,607,000 13,000 79.7 0.7 0.791
Vermont 6,000 3,000 382,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 50.6 13.3 302,000 7,000 79.1 1.8 0.639
Virginia 101,000 9,000 5,056,000 15,000 59,000 7,000 58.2 3.5 3,904,000 27,000 77.2 0.5 0.754
Washington 93,000 8,000 4,641,000 13,000 51,000 7,000 55.3 3.8 3,572,000 25,000 77.0 0.5 0.719
West Virginia 33,000 5,000 981,000 5,000 15,000 3,000 45.2 6.9 685,000 13,000 69.7 1.3 0.648
Wisconsin 50,000 7,000 3,461,000 9,000 29,000 5,000 58.1 6.5 2,788,000 23,000 80.6 0.7 0.721
Wyoming 8,000 2,000 328,000 4,000 5,000 2,000 61.1 13.5 256,000 6,000 78.2 1.7 0.782
Puerto Rico 111,000 8,000 1,808,000 8,000 46,000 6,000 41.4 3.8 1,090,000 18,000 60.3 1.0 0.688
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with vision disability employed over the percentage of people without vision disability employed. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in employment percentage.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 3.3). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 3.4 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Cognitive Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.4 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Cognitive Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023
State Cognitive Dis. No Cognitive Dis. Employment - Cognitive Dis. Employment - No Cognitive Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 10,666,000 93,000 188,976,000 94,000 4,326,000 55,000 40.6 0.4 146,942,000 168,000 77.8 0.1 0.522
Alabama 192,000 12,000 2,799,000 14,000 60,000 7,000 31.4 2.8 2,055,000 20,000 73.4 0.7 0.428
Alaska 26,000 5,000 403,000 7,000 12,000 4,000 44.6 9.9 306,000 9,000 75.9 1.9 0.588
Arizona 239,000 15,000 4,090,000 15,000 102,000 9,000 42.8 2.5 3,131,000 27,000 76.5 0.6 0.559
Arkansas 138,000 11,000 1,646,000 12,000 49,000 6,000 35.2 3.7 1,231,000 17,000 74.7 0.8 0.471
California 1,025,000 25,000 22,836,000 26,000 378,000 17,000 36.9 1.2 17,319,000 63,000 75.8 0.3 0.487
Colorado 180,000 11,000 3,464,000 13,000 94,000 8,000 52.1 2.9 2,816,000 20,000 81.3 0.5 0.640
Connecticut 108,000 9,000 2,074,000 10,000 45,000 6,000 41.8 4.1 1,657,000 16,000 79.9 0.7 0.523
Delaware 33,000 5,000 557,000 6,000 15,000 4,000 47.4 7.5 443,000 8,000 79.5 1.4 0.596
District of Columbia 19,000 4,000 437,000 4,000 10,000 3,000 52.9 11.0 352,000 8,000 80.6 1.6 0.656
Florida 614,000 22,000 12,482,000 25,000 226,000 13,000 36.7 1.8 9,592,000 52,000 76.8 0.4 0.478
Georgia 344,000 14,000 6,296,000 14,000 130,000 10,000 37.9 2.3 4,828,000 28,000 76.7 0.4 0.494
Hawaii 43,000 5,000 746,000 7,000 15,000 3,000 34.2 5.8 581,000 11,000 77.9 1.3 0.440
Idaho 70,000 8,000 1,069,000 9,000 32,000 6,000 45.6 4.8 831,000 13,000 77.7 1.0 0.587
Illinois 353,000 14,000 7,187,000 16,000 153,000 10,000 43.4 2.1 5,662,000 32,000 78.8 0.4 0.551
Indiana 261,000 14,000 3,786,000 15,000 104,000 8,000 39.8 2.1 3,013,000 24,000 79.6 0.6 0.500
Iowa 110,000 11,000 1,757,000 12,000 54,000 7,000 49.0 4.5 1,453,000 17,000 82.7 0.8 0.593
Kansas 106,000 9,000 1,583,000 11,000 56,000 6,000 52.4 3.9 1,282,000 16,000 81.0 1.0 0.648
Kentucky 203,000 12,000 2,453,000 14,000 71,000 8,000 35.1 2.7 1,850,000 19,000 75.4 0.7 0.465
Louisiana 182,000 9,000 2,461,000 10,000 61,000 6,000 33.7 3.0 1,807,000 18,000 73.4 0.7 0.458
Maine 61,000 8,000 765,000 8,000 24,000 5,000 38.7 5.6 615,000 10,000 80.4 1.2 0.482
Maryland 168,000 11,000 3,519,000 11,000 70,000 7,000 41.6 2.7 2,843,000 23,000 80.8 0.6 0.514
Massachusetts 238,000 13,000 4,101,000 14,000 103,000 8,000 43.2 2.4 3,304,000 25,000 80.6 0.5 0.537
Michigan 371,000 17,000 5,566,000 18,000 142,000 11,000 38.1 1.9 4,290,000 31,000 77.1 0.5 0.495
Minnesota 183,000 14,000 3,215,000 15,000 94,000 10,000 51.1 3.3 2,702,000 25,000 84.0 0.7 0.608
Mississippi 118,000 10,000 1,584,000 10,000 40,000 5,000 33.9 3.4 1,144,000 17,000 72.2 1.0 0.470
Missouri 226,000 13,000 3,409,000 15,000 96,000 8,000 42.5 3.0 2,700,000 22,000 79.2 0.6 0.537
Montana 41,000 6,000 615,000 8,000 19,000 4,000 46.4 6.8 489,000 10,000 79.6 1.3 0.584
Nebraska 63,000 7,000 1,079,000 8,000 33,000 5,000 52.2 4.8 911,000 13,000 84.5 1.0 0.618
Nevada 100,000 9,000 1,821,000 9,000 41,000 5,000 41.0 3.9 1,401,000 14,000 76.9 0.7 0.533
New Hampshire 53,000 6,000 804,000 7,000 24,000 5,000 44.4 5.8 664,000 11,000 82.5 1.1 0.538
New Jersey 206,000 10,000 5,376,000 10,000 78,000 7,000 37.9 2.5 4,269,000 25,000 79.4 0.5 0.477
New Mexico 90,000 9,000 1,119,000 10,000 33,000 5,000 36.6 3.7 831,000 16,000 74.3 1.1 0.493
New York 551,000 17,000 11,342,000 18,000 184,000 12,000 33.4 1.7 8,651,000 41,000 76.3 0.4 0.438
North Carolina 343,000 16,000 6,085,000 18,000 137,000 9,000 39.8 1.8 4,687,000 30,000 77.0 0.5 0.517
North Dakota 24,000 5,000 430,000 6,000 11,000 3,000 46.5 9.6 364,000 9,000 84.6 1.5 0.550
Ohio 438,000 16,000 6,474,000 18,000 188,000 12,000 42.8 2.1 5,113,000 27,000 79.0 0.4 0.543
Oklahoma 168,000 11,000 2,176,000 14,000 69,000 9,000 40.8 3.5 1,632,000 22,000 75.0 0.8 0.545
Oregon 158,000 12,000 2,390,000 12,000 71,000 8,000 44.7 3.3 1,863,000 20,000 77.9 0.8 0.574
Pennsylvania 498,000 20,000 7,149,000 22,000 201,000 13,000 40.3 2.0 5,624,000 38,000 78.7 0.5 0.512
Rhode Island 44,000 6,000 628,000 6,000 17,000 4,000 39.3 6.4 494,000 8,000 78.7 1.2 0.500
South Carolina 171,000 11,000 2,949,000 12,000 64,000 7,000 37.7 3.7 2,242,000 23,000 76.0 0.7 0.495
South Dakota 26,000 6,000 495,000 6,000 15,000 4,000 57.0 8.0 413,000 10,000 83.3 1.4 0.684
Tennessee 237,000 11,000 4,017,000 12,000 94,000 8,000 39.5 2.6 3,080,000 24,000 76.7 0.6 0.515
Texas 861,000 24,000 17,535,000 27,000 378,000 17,000 43.9 1.6 13,547,000 44,000 77.3 0.3 0.568
Utah 111,000 8,000 1,940,000 9,000 60,000 7,000 54.2 4.5 1,568,000 14,000 80.8 0.6 0.670
Vermont 27,000 5,000 362,000 6,000 11,000 3,000 40.3 7.8 294,000 8,000 81.5 1.8 0.495
Virginia 262,000 14,000 4,895,000 17,000 107,000 9,000 40.7 2.4 3,856,000 27,000 78.8 0.5 0.516
Washington 300,000 15,000 4,434,000 18,000 139,000 11,000 46.5 2.5 3,484,000 25,000 78.6 0.5 0.592
West Virginia 84,000 9,000 930,000 9,000 28,000 5,000 32.7 5.0 672,000 12,000 72.2 1.3 0.453
Wisconsin 180,000 13,000 3,331,000 13,000 84,000 8,000 46.5 3.3 2,733,000 24,000 82.1 0.6 0.566
Wyoming 19,000 4,000 316,000 5,000 8,000 3,000 42.3 10.5 253,000 7,000 80.0 1.8 0.529
Puerto Rico 142,000 11,000 1,777,000 11,000 30,000 4,000 21.3 2.3 1,105,000 18,000 62.2 0.9 0.342
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with cognitive disability employed over the percentage of people without cognitive disability employed. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in employment percentage.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 3.4). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 3.5 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Ambulatory Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.5 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Ambulatory Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023
State Ambulatory Dis. No Ambulatory Dis. Employment - Ambulatory Dis. Employment - No Ambulatory Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 8,621,000 76,000 191,020,000 83,000 2,651,000 47,000 30.7 0.5 148,617,000 161,000 77.8 0.1 0.395
Alabama 202,000 13,000 2,788,000 15,000 48,000 6,000 23.9 2.3 2,067,000 21,000 74.1 0.6 0.322
Alaska 20,000 4,000 409,000 8,000 7,000 3,000 36.2 10.0 310,000 12,000 75.8 1.9 0.477
Arizona 186,000 9,000 4,143,000 11,000 64,000 6,000 34.4 2.8 3,169,000 27,000 76.5 0.6 0.450
Arkansas 124,000 9,000 1,661,000 10,000 31,000 5,000 24.8 3.4 1,248,000 16,000 75.2 0.8 0.330
California 810,000 19,000 23,051,000 24,000 262,000 11,000 32.4 1.2 17,435,000 60,000 75.6 0.3 0.429
Colorado 110,000 9,000 3,534,000 12,000 40,000 6,000 36.5 3.6 2,870,000 19,000 81.2 0.5 0.449
Connecticut 79,000 8,000 2,102,000 9,000 29,000 5,000 35.9 4.2 1,673,000 16,000 79.6 0.7 0.451
Delaware 25,000 5,000 564,000 6,000 10,000 3,000 37.6 7.8 449,000 9,000 79.6 1.5 0.473
District of Columbia 17,000 4,000 439,000 5,000 6,000 3,000 36.1 12.2 356,000 9,000 81.1 1.5 0.445
Florida 541,000 18,000 12,555,000 19,000 159,000 11,000 29.4 1.7 9,659,000 50,000 76.9 0.4 0.382
Georgia 318,000 16,000 6,321,000 16,000 100,000 9,000 31.3 2.1 4,859,000 29,000 76.9 0.4 0.407
Hawaii 31,000 4,000 758,000 6,000 10,000 3,000 32.2 7.8 585,000 11,000 77.2 1.3 0.417
Idaho 45,000 6,000 1,095,000 7,000 15,000 4,000 34.3 5.3 848,000 12,000 77.5 1.0 0.443
Illinois 303,000 16,000 7,237,000 16,000 95,000 9,000 31.4 2.1 5,721,000 34,000 79.0 0.5 0.397
Indiana 199,000 12,000 3,848,000 15,000 59,000 6,000 29.5 2.5 3,059,000 23,000 79.5 0.6 0.371
Iowa 72,000 7,000 1,794,000 8,000 25,000 4,000 34.3 4.1 1,482,000 16,000 82.6 0.8 0.415
Kansas 71,000 7,000 1,618,000 9,000 25,000 4,000 35.7 4.6 1,312,000 15,000 81.1 0.9 0.440
Kentucky 200,000 12,000 2,456,000 12,000 54,000 6,000 26.8 2.4 1,868,000 19,000 76.1 0.7 0.352
Louisiana 166,000 11,000 2,477,000 10,000 41,000 7,000 24.5 3.7 1,827,000 19,000 73.8 0.7 0.333
Maine 35,000 5,000 792,000 6,000 8,000 3,000 21.9 6.5 631,000 10,000 79.8 1.2 0.275
Maryland 133,000 9,000 3,554,000 12,000 49,000 6,000 36.8 3.1 2,863,000 23,000 80.6 0.7 0.457
Massachusetts 150,000 9,000 4,189,000 10,000 41,000 5,000 27.3 2.8 3,365,000 23,000 80.3 0.5 0.340
Michigan 294,000 13,000 5,644,000 14,000 79,000 8,000 27.0 2.5 4,353,000 28,000 77.1 0.5 0.350
Minnesota 103,000 10,000 3,295,000 14,000 36,000 5,000 35.0 4.1 2,760,000 23,000 83.7 0.7 0.418
Mississippi 121,000 10,000 1,581,000 10,000 33,000 4,000 27.3 3.0 1,151,000 17,000 72.8 0.9 0.375
Missouri 193,000 10,000 3,442,000 13,000 54,000 7,000 27.8 3.2 2,743,000 22,000 79.7 0.6 0.349
Montana 28,000 5,000 628,000 6,000 9,000 3,000 33.4 8.1 499,000 9,000 79.4 1.3 0.420
Nebraska 42,000 6,000 1,100,000 7,000 15,000 3,000 34.8 6.3 930,000 13,000 84.5 1.0 0.411
Nevada 93,000 8,000 1,828,000 9,000 35,000 5,000 37.8 3.9 1,407,000 15,000 76.9 0.8 0.491
New Hampshire 36,000 5,000 821,000 6,000 12,000 3,000 34.3 6.8 675,000 11,000 82.2 1.2 0.417
New Jersey 167,000 9,000 5,416,000 11,000 57,000 6,000 34.1 2.8 4,291,000 25,000 79.2 0.4 0.430
New Mexico 77,000 10,000 1,132,000 10,000 27,000 6,000 34.6 4.8 838,000 16,000 74.0 1.3 0.468
New York 501,000 19,000 11,392,000 21,000 137,000 11,000 27.3 1.7 8,698,000 40,000 76.4 0.4 0.357
North Carolina 306,000 13,000 6,121,000 15,000 86,000 8,000 28.0 2.1 4,738,000 29,000 77.4 0.5 0.362
North Dakota 16,000 3,000 439,000 5,000 5,000 2,000 34.1 8.9 370,000 8,000 84.3 1.6 0.404
Ohio 337,000 14,000 6,575,000 17,000 100,000 8,000 29.6 1.9 5,201,000 26,000 79.1 0.4 0.374
Oklahoma 154,000 9,000 2,190,000 12,000 48,000 6,000 30.9 3.3 1,653,000 19,000 75.5 0.8 0.410
Oregon 101,000 8,000 2,448,000 9,000 29,000 4,000 28.6 3.1 1,905,000 19,000 77.8 0.7 0.368
Pennsylvania 346,000 18,000 7,301,000 21,000 99,000 10,000 28.6 2.3 5,726,000 37,000 78.4 0.5 0.364
Rhode Island 25,000 4,000 647,000 5,000 7,000 2,000 27.6 6.9 505,000 8,000 78.0 1.2 0.354
South Carolina 175,000 10,000 2,945,000 12,000 51,000 7,000 29.0 3.3 2,256,000 23,000 76.6 0.7 0.379
South Dakota 19,000 4,000 503,000 6,000 7,000 2,000 38.8 9.5 420,000 9,000 83.6 1.5 0.464
Tennessee 223,000 10,000 4,031,000 11,000 68,000 7,000 30.4 2.5 3,106,000 24,000 77.0 0.6 0.395
Texas 730,000 22,000 17,666,000 26,000 257,000 12,000 35.3 1.3 13,667,000 47,000 77.4 0.3 0.456
Utah 63,000 7,000 1,988,000 7,000 22,000 4,000 34.8 5.4 1,606,000 14,000 80.8 0.6 0.431
Vermont 16,000 4,000 372,000 5,000 5,000 2,000 30.2 9.7 300,000 8,000 80.7 1.9 0.375
Virginia 205,000 10,000 4,952,000 15,000 66,000 7,000 32.3 2.6 3,896,000 26,000 78.7 0.5 0.411
Washington 184,000 11,000 4,550,000 15,000 61,000 8,000 33.4 3.3 3,562,000 24,000 78.3 0.4 0.426
West Virginia 80,000 9,000 934,000 9,000 19,000 4,000 23.3 4.5 681,000 14,000 72.9 1.3 0.320
Wisconsin 134,000 9,000 3,377,000 11,000 46,000 7,000 34.0 3.9 2,771,000 23,000 82.1 0.7 0.414
Wyoming 16,000 3,000 319,000 4,000 6,000 2,000 35.7 9.6 255,000 6,000 80.0 1.8 0.446
Puerto Rico 141,000 9,000 1,778,000 9,000 33,000 5,000 23.6 3.3 1,102,000 19,000 62.0 1.0 0.381
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with ambulatory disability employed over the percentage of people without ambulatory disability employed. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in employment percentage.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 3.5). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 3.6 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Self-Care Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.6 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Self-Care Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023
State Self-Care Dis. No Self-Care Dis. Employment - Self-Care Dis. Employment - No Self-Care Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 3,328,000 40,000 196,314,000 55,000 592,000 20,000 17.8 0.5 150,676,000 158,000 76.8 0.1 0.232
Alabama 71,000 7,000 2,920,000 9,000 11,000 3,000 15.0 4.1 2,105,000 20,000 72.1 0.6 0.209
Alaska 7,000 2,000 423,000 7,000 1,000 1,000 15.0 11.9 317,000 11,000 75.0 1.9 0.201
Arizona 69,000 7,000 4,260,000 10,000 12,000 4,000 17.9 3.9 3,220,000 27,000 75.6 0.6 0.236
Arkansas 47,000 5,000 1,738,000 7,000 7,000 2,000 14.1 4.1 1,273,000 16,000 73.2 0.8 0.192
California 369,000 13,000 23,492,000 18,000 64,000 6,000 17.3 1.4 17,633,000 60,000 75.1 0.3 0.231
Colorado 41,000 5,000 3,603,000 8,000 12,000 4,000 30.2 6.4 2,898,000 19,000 80.4 0.5 0.376
Connecticut 29,000 5,000 2,152,000 6,000 7,000 2,000 23.6 5.8 1,695,000 15,000 78.7 0.7 0.299
Delaware 7,000 2,000 582,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 20.7 11.5 457,000 9,000 78.5 1.5 0.264
District of Columbia 4,000 2,000 452,000 2,000 700 1,300 16.6 19.4 362,000 8,000 80.0 1.6 0.207
Florida 195,000 11,000 12,901,000 15,000 33,000 5,000 17.0 2.3 9,785,000 48,000 75.8 0.4 0.225
Georgia 117,000 10,000 6,522,000 12,000 17,000 4,000 14.8 2.8 4,941,000 28,000 75.8 0.4 0.195
Hawaii 11,000 3,000 778,000 6,000 1,000 1,000 12.0 8.4 594,000 11,000 76.3 1.3 0.157
Idaho 17,000 3,000 1,123,000 5,000 3,000 2,000 19.3 7.5 860,000 12,000 76.6 1.0 0.252
Illinois 115,000 10,000 7,425,000 12,000 17,000 3,000 14.9 2.7 5,798,000 32,000 78.1 0.4 0.191
Indiana 79,000 8,000 3,968,000 11,000 13,000 3,000 17.0 3.6 3,104,000 23,000 78.2 0.6 0.218
Iowa 24,000 5,000 1,842,000 6,000 5,000 2,000 22.1 7.3 1,501,000 17,000 81.5 0.8 0.271
Kansas 27,000 5,000 1,662,000 8,000 7,000 3,000 24.6 7.4 1,331,000 16,000 80.1 0.9 0.307
Kentucky 73,000 6,000 2,583,000 9,000 10,000 3,000 13.1 3.7 1,912,000 18,000 74.0 0.7 0.177
Louisiana 56,000 5,000 2,587,000 8,000 9,000 3,000 15.5 4.1 1,859,000 19,000 71.9 0.8 0.215
Maine 15,000 4,000 812,000 5,000 2,000 2,000 15.0 8.3 637,000 10,000 78.5 1.2 0.191
Maryland 51,000 6,000 3,636,000 8,000 9,000 3,000 17.8 4.5 2,903,000 23,000 79.8 0.7 0.223
Massachusetts 65,000 7,000 4,275,000 8,000 9,000 3,000 14.5 3.5 3,397,000 23,000 79.5 0.5 0.182
Michigan 117,000 10,000 5,820,000 12,000 19,000 4,000 15.8 2.9 4,413,000 28,000 75.8 0.5 0.209
Minnesota 50,000 7,000 3,348,000 11,000 12,000 4,000 23.9 6.6 2,784,000 23,000 83.1 0.7 0.288
Mississippi 35,000 5,000 1,667,000 6,000 6,000 2,000 15.9 5.2 1,178,000 17,000 70.7 1.0 0.225
Missouri 74,000 8,000 3,561,000 10,000 10,000 3,000 14.0 3.5 2,786,000 23,000 78.2 0.6 0.179
Montana 11,000 3,000 645,000 4,000 4,000 2,000 34.0 12.9 504,000 9,000 78.2 1.3 0.435
Nebraska 15,000 4,000 1,128,000 6,000 3,000 2,000 17.8 8.0 942,000 13,000 83.5 1.0 0.214
Nevada 37,000 6,000 1,884,000 6,000 10,000 3,000 26.6 6.0 1,432,000 14,000 76.0 0.7 0.350
New Hampshire 14,000 3,000 843,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 18.1 8.0 685,000 11,000 81.2 1.2 0.223
New Jersey 73,000 7,000 5,509,000 9,000 14,000 3,000 19.3 3.8 4,333,000 25,000 78.7 0.5 0.245
New Mexico 25,000 4,000 1,184,000 7,000 5,000 2,000 18.9 8.3 859,000 16,000 72.6 1.2 0.261
New York 199,000 12,000 11,694,000 14,000 27,000 5,000 13.7 2.2 8,807,000 41,000 75.3 0.3 0.181
North Carolina 112,000 9,000 6,315,000 12,000 16,000 3,000 14.1 2.8 4,808,000 30,000 76.1 0.5 0.186
North Dakota 7,000 2,000 448,000 5,000 1,000 2,000 21.3 15.4 374,000 8,000 83.5 1.7 0.255
Ohio 126,000 9,000 6,786,000 12,000 26,000 5,000 20.3 3.3 5,275,000 25,000 77.7 0.4 0.261
Oklahoma 47,000 6,000 2,297,000 8,000 10,000 3,000 22.0 5.1 1,690,000 19,000 73.6 0.8 0.299
Oregon 46,000 5,000 2,502,000 7,000 8,000 3,000 18.2 4.6 1,925,000 19,000 76.9 0.8 0.237
Pennsylvania 142,000 10,000 7,505,000 14,000 21,000 4,000 14.8 2.9 5,804,000 35,000 77.3 0.5 0.191
Rhode Island 10,000 3,000 662,000 4,000 1,000 1,000 14.6 9.7 510,000 8,000 77.1 1.2 0.190
South Carolina 64,000 6,000 3,056,000 9,000 11,000 3,000 17.1 4.5 2,296,000 23,000 75.1 0.7 0.228
South Dakota 6,000 2,000 515,000 4,000 2,000 1,100 32.9 14.3 425,000 9,000 82.6 1.4 0.398
Tennessee 74,000 6,000 4,180,000 10,000 14,000 3,000 19.0 4.1 3,159,000 23,000 75.6 0.5 0.251
Texas 287,000 14,000 18,109,000 17,000 60,000 6,000 21.1 1.7 13,864,000 45,000 76.6 0.3 0.275
Utah 25,000 4,000 2,026,000 6,000 7,000 2,000 26.8 7.1 1,621,000 13,000 80.0 0.7 0.335
Vermont 7,000 3,000 382,000 4,000 500 400 8.1 7.3 305,000 7,000 79.8 1.8 0.102
Virginia 73,000 7,000 5,084,000 14,000 14,000 3,000 19.2 3.6 3,948,000 26,000 77.7 0.5 0.247
Washington 74,000 7,000 4,660,000 13,000 18,000 5,000 24.3 5.2 3,605,000 24,000 77.4 0.5 0.315
West Virginia 31,000 6,000 983,000 7,000 5,000 2,000 15.6 6.2 694,000 13,000 70.6 1.2 0.221
Wisconsin 55,000 6,000 3,456,000 10,000 12,000 4,000 21.8 5.4 2,805,000 22,000 81.2 0.7 0.268
Wyoming 5,000 2,000 331,000 4,000 1,000 1,000 24.0 16.2 260,000 6,000 78.6 1.7 0.306
Puerto Rico 57,000 6,000 1,862,000 6,000 6,000 3,000 11.4 3.6 1,129,000 18,000 60.6 0.9 0.188
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with self-care disability employed over the percentage of people without self-care disability employed. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in employment percentage.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 3.6). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 3.7 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Independent Living Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.7 Employment to Population Ratio - Civilians with and without Independent Living Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023
State Ind. Living Dis. No Ind. Living Dis. Employment - Ind. Living Dis. Employment - No Ind. Living Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 7,868,000 84,000 191,773,000 89,000 1,948,000 44,000 24.8 0.5 149,321,000 165,000 77.9 0.1 0.318
Alabama 160,000 10,000 2,831,000 12,000 29,000 5,000 18.4 2.5 2,086,000 20,000 73.7 0.6 0.250
Alaska 20,000 5,000 409,000 8,000 7,000 3,000 32.9 7.8 311,000 11,000 76.0 2.0 0.433
Arizona 173,000 11,000 4,156,000 12,000 44,000 5,000 25.7 2.3 3,188,000 27,000 76.7 0.6 0.335
Arkansas 104,000 9,000 1,680,000 10,000 21,000 4,000 20.4 3.2 1,258,000 16,000 74.9 0.8 0.272
California 793,000 23,000 23,068,000 24,000 179,000 10,000 22.6 1.0 17,518,000 60,000 75.9 0.3 0.298
Colorado 112,000 8,000 3,532,000 10,000 45,000 6,000 40.1 3.9 2,865,000 19,000 81.1 0.5 0.494
Connecticut 74,000 7,000 2,107,000 8,000 18,000 3,000 24.6 3.7 1,684,000 15,000 79.9 0.7 0.308
Delaware 23,000 3,000 567,000 5,000 8,000 3,000 37.2 8.6 450,000 9,000 79.4 1.5 0.468
District of Columbia 11,000 3,000 445,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 27.5 12.7 359,000 8,000 80.8 1.6 0.341
Florida 467,000 19,000 12,629,000 20,000 109,000 9,000 23.3 1.7 9,709,000 48,000 76.9 0.4 0.304
Georgia 259,000 13,000 6,381,000 13,000 53,000 7,000 20.4 2.3 4,906,000 28,000 76.9 0.4 0.265
Hawaii 31,000 4,000 758,000 6,000 7,000 2,000 22.2 6.8 589,000 11,000 77.6 1.2 0.286
Idaho 46,000 7,000 1,093,000 8,000 14,000 4,000 30.9 5.4 849,000 12,000 77.7 1.0 0.398
Illinois 269,000 15,000 7,270,000 16,000 70,000 7,000 25.9 1.9 5,746,000 33,000 79.0 0.4 0.327
Indiana 190,000 11,000 3,857,000 14,000 48,000 6,000 25.1 2.6 3,070,000 24,000 79.6 0.6 0.315
Iowa 71,000 7,000 1,795,000 9,000 25,000 5,000 34.9 5.2 1,482,000 17,000 82.5 0.9 0.422
Kansas 71,000 7,000 1,618,000 10,000 29,000 5,000 40.5 4.7 1,309,000 16,000 80.9 0.9 0.501
Kentucky 160,000 8,000 2,496,000 11,000 30,000 6,000 19.0 3.0 1,891,000 18,000 75.8 0.7 0.250
Louisiana 133,000 8,000 2,510,000 10,000 26,000 5,000 19.3 3.3 1,842,000 19,000 73.4 0.7 0.262
Maine 46,000 7,000 781,000 7,000 12,000 3,000 26.6 5.3 627,000 10,000 80.3 1.2 0.332
Maryland 118,000 8,000 3,569,000 10,000 28,000 4,000 24.0 2.8 2,884,000 23,000 80.8 0.6 0.297
Massachusetts 165,000 11,000 4,174,000 12,000 39,000 6,000 23.7 2.9 3,367,000 24,000 80.7 0.5 0.294
Michigan 280,000 13,000 5,657,000 15,000 64,000 7,000 22.6 2.3 4,368,000 28,000 77.2 0.5 0.293
Minnesota 121,000 9,000 3,277,000 12,000 43,000 7,000 35.3 4.0 2,753,000 25,000 84.0 0.6 0.420
Mississippi 81,000 8,000 1,621,000 8,000 15,000 3,000 18.8 3.7 1,169,000 16,000 72.1 0.9 0.261
Missouri 171,000 12,000 3,464,000 13,000 41,000 6,000 23.9 2.8 2,756,000 24,000 79.5 0.6 0.301
Montana 28,000 5,000 628,000 6,000 10,000 4,000 35.6 9.7 498,000 9,000 79.3 1.3 0.449
Nebraska 40,000 6,000 1,102,000 7,000 15,000 4,000 36.8 6.9 930,000 13,000 84.4 1.0 0.436
Nevada 80,000 7,000 1,841,000 8,000 23,000 5,000 28.3 4.8 1,419,000 15,000 77.1 0.8 0.367
New Hampshire 36,000 6,000 821,000 6,000 11,000 3,000 29.3 6.5 677,000 12,000 82.4 1.2 0.355
New Jersey 178,000 10,000 5,404,000 11,000 43,000 6,000 24.0 2.9 4,305,000 25,000 79.7 0.5 0.301
New Mexico 67,000 8,000 1,142,000 9,000 15,000 4,000 22.0 4.7 849,000 16,000 74.4 1.2 0.296
New York 449,000 18,000 11,443,000 20,000 85,000 8,000 18.9 1.7 8,750,000 41,000 76.5 0.4 0.247
North Carolina 247,000 14,000 6,180,000 16,000 52,000 7,000 20.8 2.2 4,772,000 30,000 77.2 0.5 0.270
North Dakota 16,000 3,000 439,000 5,000 6,000 2,000 38.2 9.1 369,000 9,000 84.2 1.7 0.454
Ohio 310,000 13,000 6,602,000 16,000 82,000 8,000 26.6 1.8 5,218,000 25,000 79.0 0.4 0.337
Oklahoma 125,000 9,000 2,219,000 12,000 34,000 6,000 27.6 3.7 1,666,000 20,000 75.1 0.8 0.368
Oregon 118,000 8,000 2,431,000 9,000 34,000 5,000 29.3 3.1 1,899,000 19,000 78.1 0.8 0.374
Pennsylvania 352,000 16,000 7,295,000 18,000 89,000 8,000 25.4 2.0 5,736,000 37,000 78.6 0.5 0.322
Rhode Island 28,000 5,000 644,000 5,000 6,000 2,000 20.0 6.8 506,000 8,000 78.6 1.2 0.254
South Carolina 137,000 10,000 2,982,000 11,000 29,000 5,000 21.2 3.3 2,278,000 23,000 76.4 0.7 0.277
South Dakota 17,000 4,000 504,000 6,000 7,000 2,000 39.7 9.1 421,000 10,000 83.4 1.4 0.476
Tennessee 181,000 10,000 4,073,000 13,000 41,000 5,000 22.7 2.5 3,132,000 23,000 76.9 0.5 0.295
Texas 624,000 21,000 17,772,000 24,000 164,000 12,000 26.4 1.5 13,760,000 44,000 77.4 0.3 0.340
Utah 75,000 7,000 1,976,000 8,000 27,000 4,000 36.2 4.7 1,601,000 13,000 81.0 0.7 0.447
Vermont 15,000 4,000 373,000 5,000 3,000 1,000 18.7 8.9 302,000 8,000 81.0 1.8 0.231
Virginia 189,000 11,000 4,969,000 16,000 46,000 6,000 24.4 2.7 3,917,000 25,000 78.8 0.5 0.309
Washington 199,000 13,000 4,534,000 16,000 61,000 8,000 30.7 3.0 3,562,000 24,000 78.6 0.5 0.391
West Virginia 71,000 8,000 944,000 8,000 15,000 3,000 21.5 4.2 684,000 13,000 72.5 1.2 0.297
Wisconsin 124,000 9,000 3,387,000 12,000 38,000 6,000 30.6 3.5 2,779,000 22,000 82.1 0.7 0.373
Wyoming 14,000 3,000 322,000 4,000 5,000 3,000 33.7 13.0 257,000 6,000 79.7 1.7 0.422
Puerto Rico 107,000 9,000 1,812,000 9,000 11,000 3,000 10.4 2.5 1,124,000 18,000 62.1 1.0 0.168
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability.Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with independent disability employed over the percentage of people without independent disability employed. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in employment percentage.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 3.7). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 3.8 Change in Employment Percentage - Civilians Ages 18 to 64 Years, with a Disability, Living in the Community for the United States and States: 2022 to 2023

Table 3.8 Change in Employment Percentage - Civilians Ages 18 to 64 Years, with a Disability, Living in the Community for the United States and States: 2022 to 2023
State Employed 2022 Employed 2023 Relative Ratio
% ME % ME
U.S. 44.5 0.3 46.3 0.3 1.039
Alabama 37.9 1.9 38.7 1.9 1.022
Alaska 46.7 6.9 52.6 5.4 1.127
Arizona 48.9 2.2 47.7 2.0 0.977
Arkansas 36.1 2.1 41.4 2.7 1.148
California 43.7 0.9 44.5 0.8 1.020
Colorado 54.5 2.1 56.5 1.9 1.036
Connecticut 44.4 2.7 49.3 2.8 1.110
Delaware 45.0 5.3 51.3 4.8 1.141
District of Columbia 48.6 6.1 54.1 7.9 1.114
Florida 42.9 1.3 43.9 1.3 1.021
Georgia 43.1 1.4 45.1 1.4 1.046
Hawaii 44.7 4.0 44.8 4.7 1.004
Idaho 49.7 3.0 52.3 3.2 1.053
Illinois 45.5 1.5 48.3 1.3 1.062
Indiana 45.6 1.8 44.8 1.6 0.983
Iowa 53.3 3.0 54.3 2.9 1.018
Kansas 51.0 3.0 54.6 2.7 1.069
Kentucky 37.9 1.9 39.8 1.8 1.050
Louisiana 39.5 1.9 38.5 2.3 0.974
Maine 40.7 4.0 46.2 3.9 1.133
Maryland 48.9 2.5 48.1 2.1 0.984
Massachusetts 42.7 1.8 46.5 1.9 1.087
Michigan 41.4 1.7 42.2 1.3 1.018
Minnesota 51.5 2.8 55.6 2.5 1.078
Mississippi 37.6 2.2 40.4 2.6 1.074
Missouri 43.2 2.1 46.3 2.2 1.071
Montana 48.8 4.2 55.6 4.0 1.140
Nebraska 54.5 3.4 58.1 4.1 1.065
Nevada 50.9 3.0 49.5 2.8 0.972
New Hampshire 46.1 4.6 51.6 4.1 1.120
New Jersey 45.2 1.8 48.0 1.8 1.062
New Mexico 44.1 2.9 43.0 3.1 0.974
New York 39.6 1.2 40.8 1.3 1.031
North Carolina 42.1 1.5 44.0 1.5 1.046
North Dakota 56.5 6.0 53.9 6.2 0.954
Ohio 43.7 1.6 46.2 1.4 1.057
Oklahoma 43.7 2.2 46.6 2.4 1.064
Oregon 45.7 2.3 47.7 2.0 1.046
Pennsylvania 44.2 1.3 45.1 1.5 1.020
Rhode Island 46.7 4.3 45.7 4.7 0.977
South Carolina 40.3 2.0 42.8 2.7 1.062
South Dakota 50.8 5.6 61.1 5.4 1.204
Tennessee 40.9 1.6 44.1 1.6 1.079
Texas 49.2 1.0 50.7 0.9 1.029
Utah 58.4 2.4 57.1 3.2 0.976
Vermont 55.1 6.4 45.1 5.6 0.820
Virginia 45.7 1.8 48.0 1.7 1.051
Washington 47.5 1.8 50.6 1.8 1.066
West Virginia 31.2 2.6 37.3 3.5 1.196
Wisconsin 50.4 2.5 51.0 2.4 1.013
Wyoming 52.1 6.3 51.2 6.5 0.983
Puerto Rico 31.2 2.0 32.4 2.2 1.040
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate.The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with disabilities employed in 2023 over the percentage of people with disabilities employed in 2022. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in employment percentage.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 3.8). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 3.9 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.9 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023
State Dis. No Dis. Labor Force Participation - Dis. Labor Force Participation - No Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 22,158,000 140,000 177,483,000 139,000 11,303,000 105,000 51.0 0.3 146,712,000 175,000 82.7 0.1 0.617
Alabama 436,000 17,000 2,555,000 18,000 184,000 10,000 42.2 1.8 2,023,000 20,000 79.2 0.6 0.533
Alaska 59,000 8,000 371,000 9,000 34,000 5,000 57.6 5.4 303,000 10,000 81.6 1.7 0.705
Arizona 488,000 20,000 3,841,000 21,000 253,000 15,000 51.9 1.9 3,116,000 26,000 81.1 0.5 0.640
Arkansas 284,000 14,000 1,500,000 14,000 130,000 10,000 45.6 2.6 1,204,000 15,000 80.2 0.8 0.568
California 2,117,000 37,000 21,743,000 36,000 1,075,000 25,000 50.8 0.7 17,648,000 63,000 81.2 0.3 0.626
Colorado 346,000 15,000 3,298,000 16,000 213,000 12,000 61.6 1.9 2,808,000 20,000 85.2 0.5 0.724
Connecticut 210,000 12,000 1,972,000 13,000 115,000 9,000 54.6 2.8 1,667,000 15,000 84.6 0.7 0.646
Delaware 72,000 8,000 518,000 8,000 40,000 6,000 55.4 4.6 434,000 9,000 83.8 1.3 0.661
District of Columbia 42,000 6,000 414,000 6,000 28,000 6,000 66.0 6.9 355,000 9,000 85.9 1.6 0.769
Florida 1,319,000 30,000 11,777,000 32,000 642,000 22,000 48.6 1.2 9,592,000 48,000 81.4 0.4 0.597
Georgia 758,000 21,000 5,881,000 21,000 377,000 16,000 49.7 1.5 4,812,000 29,000 81.8 0.4 0.607
Hawaii 88,000 8,000 701,000 9,000 44,000 6,000 50.0 4.6 574,000 12,000 81.9 1.2 0.611
Idaho 141,000 10,000 999,000 11,000 78,000 8,000 55.4 3.2 816,000 14,000 81.7 1.0 0.678
Illinois 761,000 25,000 6,778,000 26,000 413,000 18,000 54.3 1.4 5,696,000 33,000 84.0 0.4 0.646
Indiana 508,000 20,000 3,538,000 20,000 249,000 13,000 49.0 1.6 2,980,000 23,000 84.2 0.5 0.582
Iowa 220,000 13,000 1,647,000 14,000 127,000 11,000 58.1 3.1 1,424,000 17,000 86.5 0.8 0.671
Kansas 203,000 13,000 1,486,000 14,000 119,000 8,000 58.7 2.5 1,260,000 17,000 84.8 0.9 0.693
Kentucky 431,000 17,000 2,225,000 18,000 189,000 12,000 43.9 1.9 1,817,000 20,000 81.7 0.7 0.538
Louisiana 396,000 16,000 2,247,000 16,000 169,000 11,000 42.7 2.4 1,797,000 20,000 79.9 0.7 0.535
Maine 114,000 11,000 713,000 10,000 58,000 7,000 51.1 4.1 602,000 12,000 84.4 1.1 0.606
Maryland 350,000 14,000 3,337,000 15,000 186,000 10,000 53.2 1.8 2,846,000 24,000 85.3 0.6 0.624
Massachusetts 438,000 18,000 3,902,000 18,000 222,000 12,000 50.7 2.0 3,324,000 24,000 85.2 0.5 0.595
Michigan 749,000 20,000 5,188,000 20,000 352,000 14,000 46.9 1.5 4,281,000 29,000 82.5 0.4 0.569
Minnesota 319,000 15,000 3,079,000 18,000 188,000 12,000 58.9 2.5 2,689,000 25,000 87.3 0.6 0.675
Mississippi 259,000 12,000 1,443,000 13,000 114,000 8,000 44.2 2.6 1,127,000 17,000 78.1 1.0 0.565
Missouri 470,000 16,000 3,165,000 17,000 234,000 13,000 49.8 2.1 2,659,000 21,000 84.0 0.5 0.593
Montana 85,000 9,000 570,000 10,000 49,000 7,000 57.2 3.9 472,000 11,000 82.8 1.4 0.692
Nebraska 129,000 10,000 1,013,000 10,000 80,000 8,000 61.7 4.3 888,000 13,000 87.7 0.8 0.703
Nevada 234,000 13,000 1,687,000 13,000 126,000 10,000 53.9 2.8 1,380,000 17,000 81.8 0.7 0.659
New Hampshire 102,000 8,000 755,000 9,000 55,000 6,000 54.3 4.1 649,000 11,000 85.9 1.0 0.632
New Jersey 454,000 15,000 5,128,000 15,000 242,000 12,000 53.3 1.8 4,321,000 25,000 84.3 0.4 0.633
New Mexico 188,000 14,000 1,020,000 14,000 89,000 9,000 47.4 3.1 820,000 15,000 80.4 1.1 0.589
New York 1,191,000 29,000 10,702,000 29,000 554,000 22,000 46.5 1.4 8,748,000 40,000 81.7 0.3 0.569
North Carolina 725,000 22,000 5,703,000 22,000 350,000 17,000 48.2 1.6 4,673,000 28,000 81.9 0.5 0.589
North Dakota 49,000 7,000 406,000 8,000 30,000 6,000 61.9 5.5 355,000 10,000 87.6 1.4 0.706
Ohio 865,000 20,000 6,047,000 22,000 443,000 17,000 51.2 1.4 5,073,000 28,000 83.9 0.4 0.610
Oklahoma 370,000 14,000 1,974,000 17,000 187,000 12,000 50.6 2.3 1,594,000 21,000 80.7 0.7 0.627
Oregon 306,000 15,000 2,242,000 14,000 161,000 10,000 52.5 2.1 1,856,000 20,000 82.8 0.7 0.634
Pennsylvania 939,000 29,000 6,708,000 30,000 471,000 19,000 50.1 1.5 5,619,000 37,000 83.8 0.4 0.598
Rhode Island 77,000 7,000 595,000 8,000 38,000 5,000 49.6 4.9 499,000 9,000 83.9 1.2 0.591
South Carolina 400,000 15,000 2,720,000 14,000 189,000 14,000 47.2 2.4 2,222,000 22,000 81.7 0.6 0.578
South Dakota 54,000 7,000 467,000 8,000 34,000 5,000 62.5 5.5 404,000 10,000 86.5 1.5 0.723
Tennessee 520,000 18,000 3,734,000 19,000 250,000 13,000 48.1 1.7 3,055,000 24,000 81.8 0.5 0.588
Texas 1,955,000 40,000 16,440,000 41,000 1,087,000 27,000 55.6 0.9 13,467,000 45,000 81.9 0.2 0.679
Utah 210,000 11,000 1,841,000 11,000 129,000 9,000 61.4 2.9 1,556,000 16,000 84.5 0.6 0.727
Vermont 47,000 6,000 341,000 7,000 22,000 4,000 47.5 5.4 293,000 8,000 85.8 1.6 0.554
Virginia 549,000 20,000 4,608,000 22,000 284,000 15,000 51.8 1.7 3,831,000 27,000 83.1 0.5 0.623
Washington 555,000 20,000 4,178,000 22,000 309,000 15,000 55.7 1.9 3,479,000 28,000 83.3 0.5 0.668
West Virginia 175,000 12,000 839,000 11,000 70,000 8,000 39.9 3.5 663,000 12,000 79.0 1.2 0.506
Wisconsin 358,000 18,000 3,153,000 19,000 197,000 14,000 55.0 2.3 2,696,000 25,000 85.5 0.6 0.644
Wyoming 43,000 6,000 292,000 7,000 24,000 5,000 56.0 6.7 246,000 7,000 84.0 1.8 0.666
Puerto Rico 327,000 16,000 1,591,000 16,000 122,000 9,000 37.3 2.1 1,129,000 18,000 70.9 0.9 0.525
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with disability employed over the percentage of people without disability employed. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in employment percentage.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 3.9). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 3.10 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Hearing Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.10 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Hearing Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023
State Hearing Dis. No Hearing Dis. Labor Force Participation - Hearing Dis. Labor Force Participation - No Hearing Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 4,041,000 53,000 195,600,000 62,000 2,531,000 42,000 62.6 0.6 155,484,000 161,000 79.5 0.1 0.788
Alabama 80,000 8,000 2,911,000 9,000 47,000 6,000 58.9 4.6 2,160,000 19,000 74.2 0.6 0.793
Alaska 16,000 4,000 414,000 7,000 10,000 3,000 61.4 11.3 327,000 10,000 79.0 1.8 0.777
Arizona 89,000 8,000 4,240,000 11,000 54,000 7,000 61.3 4.0 3,315,000 24,000 78.2 0.5 0.784
Arkansas 53,000 5,000 1,731,000 8,000 31,000 4,000 58.4 4.7 1,302,000 15,000 75.2 0.8 0.776
California 377,000 14,000 23,484,000 20,000 232,000 11,000 61.6 1.9 18,491,000 56,000 78.7 0.3 0.783
Colorado 70,000 8,000 3,574,000 11,000 50,000 6,000 71.1 4.6 2,972,000 18,000 83.2 0.5 0.855
Connecticut 34,000 5,000 2,147,000 7,000 21,000 4,000 62.7 6.6 1,760,000 15,000 82.0 0.7 0.764
Delaware 12,000 3,000 577,000 5,000 8,000 3,000 68.9 10.8 465,000 8,000 80.5 1.4 0.855
District of Columbia 6,000 2,000 450,000 3,000 4,000 2,000 69.9 14.2 379,000 8,000 84.2 1.7 0.830
Florida 240,000 13,000 12,857,000 18,000 149,000 10,000 62.3 2.2 10,084,000 45,000 78.4 0.4 0.795
Georgia 130,000 9,000 6,510,000 12,000 80,000 7,000 61.8 3.4 5,108,000 30,000 78.5 0.5 0.787
Hawaii 19,000 5,000 770,000 7,000 12,000 3,000 63.7 9.7 606,000 11,000 78.7 1.2 0.810
Idaho 32,000 5,000 1,108,000 5,000 22,000 4,000 69.7 7.0 872,000 13,000 78.7 1.0 0.886
Illinois 127,000 10,000 7,412,000 14,000 82,000 7,000 64.1 3.2 6,027,000 29,000 81.3 0.4 0.788
Indiana 89,000 8,000 3,958,000 10,000 54,000 6,000 60.5 4.1 3,176,000 21,000 80.2 0.5 0.754
Iowa 43,000 6,000 1,823,000 8,000 30,000 5,000 69.8 5.8 1,522,000 16,000 83.4 0.8 0.836
Kansas 41,000 5,000 1,649,000 8,000 26,000 5,000 63.6 6.4 1,353,000 16,000 82.1 0.9 0.775
Kentucky 85,000 7,000 2,570,000 11,000 45,000 5,000 52.7 3.8 1,961,000 18,000 76.3 0.6 0.691
Louisiana 74,000 7,000 2,569,000 8,000 40,000 5,000 53.6 4.7 1,926,000 19,000 75.0 0.8 0.715
Maine 25,000 4,000 801,000 5,000 15,000 4,000 60.9 8.1 645,000 11,000 80.4 1.2 0.758
Maryland 53,000 6,000 3,634,000 9,000 37,000 5,000 70.6 5.0 2,995,000 23,000 82.4 0.6 0.857
Massachusetts 66,000 7,000 4,274,000 7,000 41,000 5,000 61.9 4.9 3,505,000 22,000 82.0 0.5 0.755
Michigan 122,000 10,000 5,816,000 11,000 72,000 7,000 59.0 3.2 4,561,000 28,000 78.4 0.5 0.753
Minnesota 63,000 6,000 3,336,000 11,000 44,000 5,000 70.7 3.9 2,832,000 22,000 84.9 0.6 0.833
Mississippi 41,000 5,000 1,661,000 7,000 26,000 4,000 63.9 5.3 1,215,000 16,000 73.2 1.0 0.873
Missouri 86,000 8,000 3,548,000 10,000 53,000 6,000 61.3 4.2 2,840,000 22,000 80.0 0.6 0.766
Montana 20,000 4,000 636,000 5,000 14,000 3,000 70.9 7.4 507,000 10,000 79.7 1.4 0.890
Nebraska 22,000 4,000 1,120,000 6,000 17,000 4,000 74.3 7.5 951,000 13,000 85.0 1.1 0.875
Nevada 49,000 6,000 1,872,000 7,000 29,000 5,000 58.8 5.1 1,478,000 15,000 78.9 0.8 0.745
New Hampshire 20,000 4,000 837,000 5,000 12,000 3,000 58.9 7.5 692,000 11,000 82.7 1.1 0.712
New Jersey 75,000 8,000 5,508,000 10,000 49,000 6,000 65.2 4.5 4,514,000 24,000 82.0 0.4 0.796
New Mexico 34,000 5,000 1,175,000 7,000 20,000 4,000 58.6 6.7 890,000 14,000 75.7 1.2 0.773
New York 169,000 9,000 11,724,000 13,000 100,000 7,000 59.2 2.9 9,202,000 39,000 78.5 0.3 0.754
North Carolina 146,000 9,000 6,281,000 12,000 85,000 8,000 57.9 3.5 4,938,000 29,000 78.6 0.5 0.737
North Dakota 14,000 4,000 441,000 5,000 9,000 3,000 67.3 10.6 377,000 8,000 85.4 1.5 0.788
Ohio 160,000 11,000 6,752,000 13,000 99,000 10,000 61.9 3.9 5,417,000 25,000 80.2 0.4 0.772
Oklahoma 81,000 7,000 2,264,000 10,000 49,000 6,000 60.3 4.4 1,732,000 17,000 76.5 0.7 0.788
Oregon 54,000 7,000 2,494,000 8,000 33,000 5,000 60.8 4.6 1,983,000 20,000 79.5 0.7 0.764
Pennsylvania 153,000 12,000 7,494,000 16,000 94,000 9,000 61.5 3.0 5,996,000 32,000 80.0 0.4 0.769
Rhode Island 11,000 2,000 661,000 3,000 6,000 2,000 57.1 10.1 531,000 8,000 80.4 1.3 0.710
South Carolina 68,000 6,000 3,052,000 8,000 40,000 5,000 59.4 4.8 2,371,000 23,000 77.7 0.7 0.764
South Dakota 12,000 3,000 510,000 5,000 9,000 2,000 75.6 10.1 429,000 9,000 84.2 1.4 0.899
Tennessee 106,000 8,000 4,148,000 10,000 62,000 6,000 59.0 3.9 3,243,000 20,000 78.2 0.5 0.754
Texas 402,000 16,000 17,994,000 20,000 266,000 13,000 66.2 1.8 14,288,000 41,000 79.4 0.2 0.833
Utah 37,000 6,000 2,014,000 7,000 29,000 5,000 77.0 4.7 1,656,000 13,000 82.2 0.6 0.937
Vermont 11,000 4,000 377,000 4,000 7,000 3,000 59.5 11.3 308,000 8,000 81.7 1.7 0.728
Virginia 97,000 8,000 5,060,000 14,000 67,000 7,000 68.8 3.7 4,048,000 24,000 80.0 0.4 0.860
Washington 117,000 9,000 4,617,000 13,000 79,000 8,000 67.7 3.8 3,709,000 26,000 80.3 0.5 0.843
West Virginia 33,000 5,000 981,000 6,000 18,000 4,000 55.1 6.8 714,000 12,000 72.8 1.2 0.756
Wisconsin 68,000 7,000 3,443,000 10,000 45,000 5,000 66.9 4.8 2,848,000 21,000 82.7 0.6 0.809
Wyoming 12,000 3,000 324,000 4,000 8,000 3,000 64.9 9.8 262,000 6,000 81.0 1.7 0.802
Puerto Rico 44,000 6,000 1,875,000 6,000 17,000 3,000 37.9 5.5 1,234,000 17,000 65.8 0.8 0.576
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with hearing disability employed over the percentage of people without hearing disability employed. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in employment percentage.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 3.10). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 3.11 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Vision Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.11 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Vision Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023
State Vision Dis. No Vision Dis. Labor Force Participation - Vision Dis. Labor Force Participation - No Vision Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 4,270,000 62,000 195,372,000 73,000 2,422,000 48,000 56.7 0.7 155,593,000 159,000 79.6 0.1 0.712
Alabama 85,000 9,000 2,906,000 10,000 42,000 6,000 49.6 4.4 2,165,000 19,000 74.5 0.6 0.666
Alaska 9,000 3,000 421,000 7,000 5,000 2,000 55.1 13.2 332,000 11,000 78.8 1.8 0.699
Arizona 102,000 8,000 4,227,000 11,000 58,000 7,000 57.0 4.2 3,311,000 25,000 78.3 0.6 0.728
Arkansas 57,000 7,000 1,728,000 8,000 31,000 5,000 54.0 5.8 1,303,000 14,000 75.4 0.7 0.716
California 421,000 22,000 23,440,000 24,000 243,000 14,000 57.7 1.7 18,480,000 58,000 78.8 0.3 0.732
Colorado 65,000 7,000 3,579,000 10,000 41,000 6,000 62.4 5.8 2,981,000 17,000 83.3 0.4 0.749
Connecticut 39,000 5,000 2,142,000 7,000 22,000 4,000 55.6 6.9 1,760,000 14,000 82.2 0.7 0.677
Delaware 12,000 4,000 578,000 5,000 6,000 2,000 52.0 10.8 467,000 9,000 80.9 1.4 0.643
District of Columbia 9,000 3,000 447,000 3,000 6,000 3,000 69.4 12.6 377,000 8,000 84.3 1.7 0.824
Florida 245,000 14,000 12,851,000 19,000 142,000 11,000 57.9 2.7 10,092,000 44,000 78.5 0.4 0.737
Georgia 168,000 10,000 6,472,000 13,000 90,000 7,000 53.4 3.3 5,099,000 29,000 78.8 0.4 0.678
Hawaii 15,000 3,000 774,000 5,000 8,000 3,000 56.5 11.7 609,000 11,000 78.7 1.3 0.718
Idaho 23,000 5,000 1,117,000 5,000 14,000 4,000 60.1 9.7 880,000 13,000 78.8 1.0 0.762
Illinois 142,000 12,000 7,397,000 15,000 89,000 9,000 62.5 3.4 6,020,000 27,000 81.4 0.4 0.768
Indiana 91,000 9,000 3,956,000 10,000 51,000 6,000 55.4 4.1 3,179,000 23,000 80.4 0.6 0.689
Iowa 36,000 6,000 1,830,000 7,000 25,000 5,000 68.7 6.9 1,526,000 16,000 83.4 0.8 0.823
Kansas 39,000 5,000 1,650,000 7,000 25,000 4,000 65.1 5.4 1,354,000 16,000 82.0 0.9 0.793
Kentucky 87,000 7,000 2,569,000 10,000 38,000 6,000 43.6 4.6 1,969,000 18,000 76.6 0.6 0.568
Louisiana 94,000 9,000 2,549,000 10,000 45,000 6,000 48.3 4.1 1,920,000 20,000 75.3 0.7 0.641
Maine 18,000 4,000 808,000 5,000 9,000 3,000 50.7 10.7 650,000 10,000 80.5 1.2 0.630
Maryland 63,000 7,000 3,624,000 10,000 37,000 5,000 59.2 5.0 2,995,000 23,000 82.6 0.6 0.716
Massachusetts 67,000 8,000 4,273,000 9,000 38,000 6,000 56.8 4.6 3,508,000 21,000 82.1 0.5 0.692
Michigan 114,000 10,000 5,824,000 12,000 63,000 7,000 55.3 3.6 4,570,000 28,000 78.5 0.5 0.705
Minnesota 47,000 8,000 3,352,000 13,000 25,000 6,000 54.4 7.2 2,851,000 23,000 85.1 0.6 0.640
Mississippi 58,000 7,000 1,644,000 9,000 27,000 5,000 47.3 5.3 1,214,000 17,000 73.9 1.0 0.640
Missouri 84,000 7,000 3,551,000 11,000 44,000 6,000 52.2 5.2 2,849,000 22,000 80.2 0.6 0.650
Montana 12,000 3,000 644,000 4,000 8,000 3,000 66.2 11.3 513,000 9,000 79.7 1.4 0.831
Nebraska 25,000 4,000 1,117,000 6,000 15,000 4,000 62.2 9.1 953,000 12,000 85.3 1.0 0.730
Nevada 62,000 8,000 1,859,000 9,000 38,000 6,000 60.5 4.6 1,469,000 16,000 79.0 0.8 0.766
New Hampshire 15,000 3,000 842,000 5,000 8,000 3,000 54.9 10.2 696,000 10,000 82.6 1.1 0.665
New Jersey 104,000 9,000 5,478,000 10,000 68,000 7,000 64.9 3.8 4,496,000 25,000 82.1 0.4 0.791
New Mexico 42,000 6,000 1,167,000 8,000 21,000 4,000 50.1 6.3 889,000 15,000 76.2 1.1 0.658
New York 237,000 15,000 11,655,000 18,000 137,000 12,000 57.8 3.0 9,165,000 39,000 78.6 0.4 0.736
North Carolina 143,000 11,000 6,285,000 14,000 75,000 8,000 52.4 3.2 4,948,000 30,000 78.7 0.5 0.666
North Dakota 10,000 3,000 444,000 6,000 6,000 3,000 62.4 10.2 379,000 8,000 85.4 1.5 0.730
Ohio 142,000 11,000 6,771,000 13,000 83,000 8,000 58.2 3.3 5,433,000 25,000 80.3 0.4 0.725
Oklahoma 86,000 9,000 2,259,000 12,000 42,000 6,000 49.2 4.9 1,739,000 18,000 77.0 0.7 0.639
Oregon 47,000 5,000 2,502,000 7,000 27,000 5,000 58.1 5.5 1,989,000 20,000 79.5 0.7 0.731
Pennsylvania 161,000 12,000 7,486,000 15,000 88,000 9,000 54.6 3.5 6,002,000 32,000 80.2 0.4 0.681
Rhode Island 12,000 3,000 659,000 4,000 8,000 3,000 69.3 10.1 529,000 8,000 80.2 1.3 0.864
South Carolina 85,000 7,000 3,035,000 10,000 44,000 5,000 51.3 4.7 2,367,000 23,000 78.0 0.7 0.658
South Dakota 9,000 3,000 513,000 4,000 6,000 2,000 65.9 12.4 432,000 9,000 84.3 1.4 0.782
Tennessee 103,000 7,000 4,151,000 11,000 54,000 6,000 52.4 3.8 3,251,000 21,000 78.3 0.5 0.670
Texas 463,000 20,000 17,933,000 21,000 276,000 17,000 59.6 2.0 14,277,000 43,000 79.6 0.2 0.749
Utah 34,000 5,000 2,017,000 7,000 22,000 4,000 66.6 6.2 1,662,000 14,000 82.4 0.6 0.809
Vermont 6,000 3,000 382,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 51.2 13.3 312,000 7,000 81.6 1.7 0.628
Virginia 101,000 9,000 5,056,000 15,000 62,000 7,000 61.1 3.6 4,053,000 25,000 80.2 0.5 0.763
Washington 93,000 8,000 4,641,000 13,000 55,000 7,000 58.8 3.6 3,733,000 27,000 80.4 0.5 0.731
West Virginia 33,000 5,000 981,000 5,000 16,000 3,000 49.3 7.1 716,000 12,000 73.0 1.2 0.676
Wisconsin 50,000 7,000 3,461,000 9,000 31,000 5,000 62.3 5.5 2,863,000 22,000 82.7 0.6 0.754
Wyoming 8,000 2,000 328,000 4,000 5,000 2,000 64.0 13.1 265,000 6,000 80.8 1.6 0.792
Puerto Rico 111,000 8,000 1,808,000 8,000 52,000 6,000 46.6 3.8 1,200,000 16,000 66.3 0.9 0.703
Notes: Authors’ calculations using the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample, (2023), which is subject to sampling variability. Slight differences in percentages may appear due to rounding when compared to populations. The margin of error (ME) is based on a 95% confidence level and is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. The relative ratio is the ratio of the percentage of people with vision disability employed over the percentage of people without vision disability employed. Therefore, a relative ratio further from 1.000 indicates a greater disparity in employment percentage.
Citation: Thomas, N., Bach, S., & Houtenville, A. (2025). Annual Disability Statistics Compendium: 2025 (Table 3.11). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability.

Table 3.12 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Cognitive Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023

Table 3.12 Labor Force Participation - Civilians with and without Cognitive Disabilities Ages 18 to 64 Years Living in the Community by Employment Status for the United States and States: 2023
State Cognitive Dis. No Cognitive Dis. Labor Force Participation - Cognitive Dis. Labor Force Participation - No Cognitive Dis. Relative Ratio
# ME# # ME# # ME# % ME% # ME# % ME%
U.S. 10,666,000 93,000 188,976,000 94,000 4,952,000 64,000 46.4 0.4 153,062,000 166,000 81.0 0.1 0.573
Alabama 192,000 12,000 2,799,000 14,000 69,000 6,000 35.9 2.6 2,138,000 19,000 76.4 0.6 0.470
Alaska 26,000 5,000 403,000 7,000 13,000 4,000 50.5 9.6 323,000 9,000 80.1 1.7 0.631
Arizona 239,000 15,000 4,090,000 15,000 115,000 10,000 48.1 2.6 3,255,000 24,000 79.6 0.5 0.604
Arkansas 138,000 11,000 1,646,000 12,000 55,000 6,000 40.1 3.6 1,278,000 15,000 77.6 0.8 0.516
California 1,025,000 25,000 22,836,000 26,000 458,000 18,000 44.7 1.2 18,265,000 60,000 80.0 0.3 0.558
Colorado 180,000 11,000 3,464,000 13,000 105,000 9,000 58.4 2.7 2,917,000 19,000 84.2 0.4 0.693
Connecticut 108,000 9,000 2,074,000 10,000 53,000 6,000 49.5 3.7 1,728,000 15,000 83.4 0.7 0.594
Delaware 33,000 5,000 557,000 6,000 17,000 4,000 53.5 6.6 456,000 8,000 81.9 1.4 0.654
District of Columbia 19,000 4,000 437,000 4,000 13,000 4,000 69.5 8.7 370,000 8,000 84.7 1.7 0.821
Florida 614,000 22,000 12,482,000 25,000 263,000 14,000 42.8 1.7 9,971,000 47,000 79.9 0.4 0.536
Georgia 344,000 14,000 6,296,000 14,000 150,000 11,000 43.7 2.5 5,038,000 29,000 80.0 0.4 0.547
Hawaii 43,000 5,000 746,000 7,000 17,000 3,000 38.8 5.3 601,000 11,000 80.6 1.3 0.481
Idaho 70,000 8,000 1,069,000 9,000 34,000 6,000 48.4 4.5 860,000 13,000 80.4 1.1 0.602
Illinois 353,000 14,000 7,187,000 16,000 180,000 11,000 51.0 2.2 5,929,000 28,000 82.5 0.4 0.618
Indiana 261,000 14,000 3,786,000 15,000 117,000 9,000 45.0 2.2 3,112,000 22,000 82.2 0.5 0.547
Iowa 110,000 11,000 1,757,000 12,000 59,000 8,000 53.5 4.6 1,493,000 16,000 85.0 0.8 0.630
Kansas 106,000 9,000 1,583,000 11,000 61,000 7,000 57.5 3.8 1,318,000 16,000 83.3 0.9 0.691